Tag: team password manager

Picture this: It’s a sunny morning, you had a delicious breakfast, and your mind is ready for a productive start. And boom! Your very first login fails. The dreaded “incorrect password” message appears. You try again, and again, only to end up digging through sticky notes or resetting yet another account. 

Multiply that by dozens of accounts across your team, and suddenly your morning enthusiasm is gone.

It is not just an inconvenience; it is a growing business risk in 2025. Businesses cannot afford weak password practices due to the increasing prevalence of remote and hybrid teams, the rise of AI-driven phishing attacks by cybercriminals, and stricter compliance requirements. 

A single leaked credential can lead to lost trust, regulatory penalties, and massive financial damage.

The good news is that there is a better way: A password manager. It acts like a secure vault for every login, every credential, and every piece of sensitive data your team needs. It eliminates the endless resets, reduces costly errors, and strengthens protection with encryption and advanced safeguards.

In this blog, you will discover what a password manager is, why it matters more than ever, and how choosing the right one can eliminate password confusion, boost productivity, and keep your business secure.

So, let’s get started to reinforce your workspace password security and simplify everyday operations. 

What Is A Password Manager, And How Does It Work?

To understand why password managers are essential, let us first answer the most basic question: What exactly is a password manager? 

Think of it as a secure digital vault that locks away every login detail you or your team uses. Instead of remembering dozens of complex passwords, you only need to recall one master password to unlock this vault.

This safe repository does more than merely store; it actively works to simplify and secure your digital life. Here is how it functions in practice:

• Encryption at the core: Your credentials are encrypted using advanced algorithms, ensuring that only you and your authorized team members can access them.
• Master key access: A single master password grants you entry to the vault, reducing the burden of remembering multiple logins.
• Autofill convenience: Browser extensions allow instant logins without typing, saving time and lowering the risk of errors.
• Multi-device support: Whether on desktop, laptop, or mobile, your vault synchronizes safely across platforms for uninterrupted authorization.

In essence, a password manager works quietly in the background, giving you convenience without affecting protection. For teams, it becomes even more powerful by providing shared access in a controlled, secure way. It ensures that everyone has the needed credentials without compromising security.

The Crux: A password manager is not just a storage tool; it is a cross-platform security solution that encrypts, organizes, and simplifies access to every credential, making digital life safer and smoother.

Why Businesses Cannot Afford Password Chaos In 2025

Imagine starting a workday where employees cannot log in because passwords are forgotten, reset requests pile up, and credentials are scattered across spreadsheets and browsers. It is not a minor inconvenience; it is a recurring drain on productivity and a serious security liability. 

Businesses cannot afford to let disorganization rule their digital identities. The challenges are easy to overlook until they spiral into the following costly outcomes:

• Remote and hybrid teams increase exposure: More logins are shared across more locations, which heightens the chance of a mistake or misuse.
• Do-it-yourself methods fall short: Storing logins in browsers or spreadsheets may seem quick, but these tools lack encryption, audit trails, and centralized oversight.
• Hidden costs of resets and support: Every forgotten password requires IT involvement. Multiply that by dozens of employees, and hours of productivity vanish each week.
• Compliance risks grow heavier: Regulations around data protection impose stringent requirements. And poor password practices can result in penalties or failed audits.

The truth is that password mismanagement can undermine security, erode trust, and hinder business growth in today’s connected environment. A structured approach with a dedicated password manager is necessary.

Main Message: In 2025, unmanaged passwords expose businesses to cyber threats, wasted hours, and compliance risks. Moving from scattered practices to structured management is crucial for long-term resilience.

Why Choose A Business Password Manager Over Personal Tools

At first glance, it may seem that personal password managers or browser-based tools are sufficient for a team. After all, they save passwords and autofill them when needed. 

However, when you scale this to an entire organization, the gaps become evident. What works quickly for one individual fails when multiple users, departments, and compliance standards come into play.

It is where a business password manager proves its worth. It is designed for teams, not just individuals, and provides the oversight, structure, and security businesses need.

Here is why the distinction matters:

• Role-based access: Instead of sharing the same credentials informally, business managers enable you to define roles and permissions, so each user only views what they need.
• Audit trails and accountability: With activity logs, administrators can trace who accessed or updated credentials, providing clarity and compliance-ready records.
• Centralized oversight: Leaders gain visibility into access patterns and can enforce policies like IP restrictions or password strength rules across the entire team.
• Designed for collaboration: Secure sharing of passwords, files, and credentials is easy and traceable, unlike personal tools that lack structured sharing mechanisms.

➡️Personal password managers are excellent for individuals who want convenience. But businesses require more. They need scalable solutions that combine security, collaboration, and accountability. That is exactly what a corporate or enterprise password manager is built to deliver.

Must-Know Insight: Personal tools may keep individuals organized, but they fall short for organizations. A business password manager provides the structure, visibility, and secure collaboration that teams need to work confidently. 

Must-Have Features In A Secure Team Password Manager

Not all password managers are created equal. While fundamental tools may be practical for individual use, businesses need more than convenience. They require impenetrable security, streamlined workflows, and seamless collaboration. 

A truly secure team password manager should offer the following essentials:

Security And Encryption

Security is non-negotiable when protecting credentials across an entire organization. Watch out for:

• AES-128 encryption ensures sensitive data is secured at rest.
• Zero-knowledge architecture guarantees that only you and your team can access the vault, not even the provider.
• Multi-factor authentication adds an extra layer of protection.
• A robust master password serves as the single key to the vault.

Control And Oversight

Organizations cannot afford to lose visibility into access patterns. Hence, consider the following:

• Role-based access control (RBAC) ensures each employee only views what they need.
• Activity logs track every login and update, building trust and accountability.
• IP restrictions and audit trails provide an extra safeguard for compliance.

Secure Collaboration Without Friction

Teams often need to share access to apps, platforms, and services. For instance:

• Encrypted password sharing allows credentials to be passed securely.
• Revocable access links provide control if someone leaves the team.
• Secure file sharing enables the storage of sensitive documents alongside passwords.

Usability And Productivity

Security should never slow work down. The right password manager makes life easier. For example:

• Browser extensions for Chrome and Firefox enable autofill directly in workflows.
• Tagging and search features help locate credentials instantly.
• Autofill speeds up logins while maintaining control over where it works.
• Unlimited credentials and cross-device sync ensure everything is consistent.
• Offline access ensures work continues even without internet connectivity.

Productivity Boosters

Modern managers go beyond simple storage. They offer:

• Built-in password generators create strong, unique passwords instantly.
• A security dashboard highlights weak or reused credentials. It lets you fix them early.

The Bottom Line: The best team password managers stabilize the advanced security, centralized oversight, and ease of use. Features like encryption, RBAC, and secure sharing safeguard data, while autofill, tagging, and dashboards boost team efficiency.

Security First: Why Zero-Knowledge Architecture Is Non-Negotiable

Trust is everything when it comes to password protection. Businesses cannot afford to wonder whether their provider can peek into their data or whether sensitive credentials are at risk if servers are ever compromised. It is where zero-knowledge architecture comes in, and it has become the gold standard for secure password management.

What Zero-Knowledge Really Means

In simple terms, zero-knowledge ensures that your password manager never has access to your vault. Only you and your team can unlock the data, even if the provider wanted to peek inside.

Key Protections That Build Trust

• End-to-end encryption secures your information at every step, whether it is stored or transmitted.
• The dual key model separates authentication from decryption. It means even if one key is compromised, the vault stays safe.
• Master password protection ensures that only you control the single key to your digital vault.
• Military grade AES-128 encryption protects credentials at rest, while TLS 1.2 or higher secures data in transit.

Why Does It Matter For Teams In 2025?

With the rise of AI-driven phishing and increasingly strict compliance regulations, businesses need guarantees, not promises. 

Zero-knowledge architecture provides reassurance that sensitive data cannot be accessed by employees of the provider, hackers, or even special requests without the vault holder’s consent.

What This Means For You: Zero-knowledge encryption removes the need for blind trust. It guarantees that only your team can access stored credentials, protecting your business from breaches, insider risks, and compliance failures.

Which Type Of Password Manager Fits Your Business?

Businesses have different priorities, and the right tool depends on the optimal balance of security, usability, and scalability. Understanding the following types will help you make shrewd decisions.

SaaS-Based Password Managers

These are cloud-hosted solutions like All Pass Hub that enable real-time syncing across devices and locations. You get the following benefits:

• Accessible on multiple platforms, including desktops, browsers, and mobile apps.
• Automatic updates ensure you always have the latest features and protections.
• Easy to scale for startups, small businesses, or large enterprises.
• Zero-knowledge encryption safeguards data even though it is stored in the cloud.

Self-Hosted Password Managers

Some organizations prefer to host their password manager on internal servers. It:

• Provides total ownership of infrastructure and data.
• Requires in-house IT teams to manage installation, updates, and security.
• Is more suitable for enterprises with strict regulatory requirements
• Comes with a higher upfront cost and complexity

Browser Storage

Most browsers offer built-in password saving features, but these come with significant limitations. Some of them are:

• No role-based access, centralized controls, or audit trails.
• Limited security assurances compared to dedicated password managers.
• Not designed for team collaboration or enterprise-grade security.

➡️So, why SaaS with zero-knowledge stands out in 2025?

Because for most businesses, SaaS-based solutions with zero-knowledge architecture are the best option. They combine accessibility with strong encryption, simplify onboarding for teams, and offer cross-platform compatibility that works seamlessly for remote and hybrid workplaces. 

In a Nutshell: SaaS-based password managers with zero-knowledge encryption strike the perfect chord between security, usability, and scalability, making them the wisest choice for businesses in 2025. 

Password Manager For Different Teams And Industries

Not every team works the same way, and neither should their password manager. Startups seek speed and affordability, agencies juggle between multiple client credentials, and IT departments require high-level security. 

Let us walk you through different business scenarios to demonstrate how versatile solutions like All Pass Hub adapt to these diverse needs.

Startups

• Budget-friendly options with room to scale as the team grows.
• Quick onboarding without IT-heavy processes.
• Free plan and premium upgrades make it accessible from day one.

Small Businesses

• Unlimited credential storage ensures no team member runs out of space.
• Easy-to-use browser extensions support employees with limited technical expertise.
• A centralized dashboard reduces wasted time on resets and access confusion.

Agencies

• Manage multiple client accounts securely without overlap.
• Tagging and search features allow faster retrieval of project-specific credentials.
• Audit trails provide transparency for compliance and accountability.

Developers And IT Teams

• Store and share API keys, SSH credentials, and server logins securely.
• Multi-factor authentication ensures an additional layer of defense.
• Role-based access prevents unnecessary privilege escalation.

Remote Teams

• Real-time synchronization across devices supports global collaboration.
• Encrypted password sharing prevents risky alternatives like chat messages or spreadsheets.
• Policies such as IP restrictions ensure logins only happen from trusted networks.

A Visual Glance At Password Manager Fit By Industry

Team Type	Key Needs	How a Password Manager Helps
Startups	Affordability, quick onboarding, scalability	Free plan, simple setup, growth-ready storage
Small Businesses	Unlimited storage, easy usability	Browser extensions, centralized dashboard, fewer resets
Agencies	Client account security, project separation	Tags, audit trails, and encrypted password sharing
Developers & IT	Secure API/SSH keys, infrastructure control	MFA, role-based access, encrypted vault
Remote Teams	Real-time sync, safe collaboration	Cloud sync, IP rules, cross-device encrypted access

Quick Recap: Whether you run a lean startup, a growing agency, or a global enterprise, the right password manager should flexibly adapt to unique workflows while maintaining strong security and ease of use. 

How Secure Are Password Managers, Really?

Security is always the primary concern when businesses think about adopting a password manager. Teams wonder whether storing all credentials in one place is truly safe. 

The truth is that while no system can claim absolute immunity, present-day password managers are designed with multiple safeguards that make them significantly safer than spreadsheets, browsers, or email threads. 

This section explores the most common doubts, explains the security mechanisms that protect sensitive data, and highlights why password managers are safer than spreadsheets or browser storage.

Addressing Common Myths And Fears

Many organizations hesitate because of fears such as:

• “Will all my passwords leak if the provider is hacked?”

Zero-knowledge encryption ensures even the provider cannot read your vault. Only your master password can unlock your data.

• “What if I forget my master password?”

Most managers provide secure account recovery without ever exposing the contents of the vault.

• “Are password managers attractive targets for hackers?”

Yes, but their security model is designed so that even in the event of a breach, encrypted data is useless without the user’s key.

The Role of Encryption And Authentication

To build confidence, modern password managers employ multiple security layers, such as:

• AES-128 or AES-256 encryption protects credentials at rest with military-grade strength.
• TLS 1.2 or higher secures data in transit, preventing interception.
• Multi-factor authentication (MFA) requires an additional device or code, reducing risk even if a password is compromised.
• Dual key models separate login credentials from decryption keys. It ensures attackers cannot unlock data with a single point of failure.

These combined measures protect businesses against brute-force attacks, phishing attempts, and unauthorized access.

Why Spreadsheets And Browsers Are Unsafe

Storing passwords in spreadsheets or letting browsers autofill them might feel hassle-free at first glance. However, both carry critical weaknesses:

• No encryption means data can be read if the device is stolen.
• No access control allows anyone with the file or device to view all credentials.
• No audit trail prevents tracking of who accessed or modified credentials.
• High exposure to malware since spreadsheets and browsers are easy targets for keyloggers or phishing.

In short, these methods trade short-term convenience for long-term vulnerability.

Building Confidence Through Oversight

Trust is not just about encryption; it is about visibility and accountability. Business-grade managers provide:

• Audit logs that record every access and update.
• Security dashboards that highlight weak or reused passwords.
• Real-time notifications for suspicious activities or failed login attempts.
• Role-based access so employees only see what they need.

This supervision turns password management from a blind trust system into a transparent and accountable framework that prevents breaches before they happen.

Core Insight: Password managers are designed to be safer than manual methods. With zero-knowledge encryption, military-grade algorithms, and real-time oversight, they give businesses both unbreakable protection and clear accountability. 

All Pass Hub vs. Other Password Managers: Where It Stands Out

Choosing the right password manager often feels overwhelming because of the countless tools in the market. Many solutions promise security, but they fail to address affordability, ease of use, and real-world scalability. It is where All Pass Hub sets itself apart. 

Its ability to combine enterprise-grade security with human-centered usability, while also packing in features, is something competitors often overlook. 

Let’s break down why it stands out from others.

Complete Coverage of Credentials

Unlike many managers that restrict storage or force users into higher tiers, All Pass Hub offers:

• Unlimited credentials and unlimited device logins from the start.
• Basic and premium credential types for flexibility.
• Password generator and strength meter to eliminate weak, reused passwords.
• Account recovery for quick and secure access restoration.

It ensures teams never hit artificial limits while scaling.

Advanced Organization Tools

Chaos often returns when teams cannot locate what they need. All Pass Hub eliminates that with:

• Tags and search by tags to group logins by project, department, or vendor.
• Favorites and pinned credentials to keep daily essentials passwords close.
• History and activity logs to track usage over time.

These features give users the clarity to work faster without guesswork.

Security And Oversight For Admins

Most managers stop at encryption, but All Pass Hub builds peace of mind with:

• Audit logs and export history for compliance and accountability.
• User, role, and group management to cleanly assign access.
• Group sharing and supervisor access for structured collaboration.
• IP rules to control credentials usage.

All this empowers IT admins with visibility that spreadsheets and consumer-grade managers cannot match.

Support That Scales With You

Adoption succeeds when teams feel guided, not left behind. All Pass Hub supports this through:

• White-glove onboarding for enterprises.
• Chat and email support for quick resolution.
• Importing and exporting credentials for smooth transitions.

By combining usability with dedicated support, businesses can roll out secure password management without friction.

All Pass Hub vs. Other Password Managers: Feature Comparison

Feature	Common Password Managers	All Pass Hub
Credential Storage	Limited storage or capped by pricing tiers	Unlimited credentials on unlimited devices
Password Generator & Strength Meter	Basic generator, sometimes without strength analysis	An advanced generator with a strength meter to eliminate weak or reused logins
Search & Organization	Simple search only, limited categorization	Tags, search by tags, favorites, and pinned credentials for instant access
Audit Logs & History	Available only on costly enterprise plans	Full audit logs, history, and export history included in $0.99/plan.
Role & User Management	Restricted to premium enterprise tiers	Roles, groups, group sharing, user supervision, and credential-level control
IP Rules & Access Policies	Rare or only at the enterprise level	IP rule enforcement and policy configuration included
File & Credential Sharing	Limited sharing, often email-based or unencrypted	Encrypted sharing, revocable access, unlimited sharing, and secure file uploads
Onboarding & Support	Basic help articles, limited premium support	White-glove onboarding, chat and email support, guided setup
Import & Export	Complicated migration, often unsupported	Smooth import/export of credentials with export history
Pricing	High monthly fees for advanced features	Free forever plan and $0.99 premium plan with enterprise scaling

➡️The Big Picture: Features like audit log export, tags, search by tags, and role-based controls are often hidden behind premium enterprise tiers in other tools. All Pass Hub brings them forward in an accessible, affordable package that works for startups, agencies, IT teams, and global enterprises alike.

Smart Summary: All Pass Hub is not just a vault for logins. It is a complete ecosystem with unlimited storage, advanced search, audit-ready oversight, and flexible team management, all at a transparent price point that others cannot match.

Step-By-Step Guide: Implementing All Pass Hub In Your Organization

Adopting a new password manager may seem daunting. However, with All Pass Hub, the process is straightforward and designed to minimize disruption. By following a structured rollout, businesses can transition from scattered logins to a secure, centralized system without overwhelming their teams. 

Here is how you can implement All Pass Hub in your organization.

Step 1: Audit Your Current Password Practices

Before importing anything, review how your team currently manages passwords. Identify risky habits such as storing passwords in spreadsheets, reusing weak credentials, or sharing through chat tools. This baseline helps you measure improvements once All Pass Hub is live.

Step 2: Import Credentials Easily

All Pass Hub supports smooth credential migration. Use the import feature to bring in existing logins from browsers, spreadsheets, or other tools. Export history is tracked to ensure nothing is misplaced during migration. And everything is neatly organized inside the password vault.

Step 3: Add Users And Assign Roles

Invite your team members and organize them into groups. Use role-based access control (RBAC) to assign permissions based on job function. 

For example, developers can access API keys while marketing staff view only their relevant logins. Groups and supervisor features make large-scale team management seamless.

Step 4: Configure Security Policies

Set up policies that comply with your organization’s security standards. Options include:

• Enforcing multi-factor authentication (2FA).
• Defining password rules with the password strength meter.
• Applying IP rules to limit logins to specific networks.
• Activating audit logs and activity monitoring for accountability.

Step 5: Train Employees And Encourage Adoption

• Use the Security Dashboard to educate staff about password strength and reuse risks. 
• Provide a quick walkthrough of the Chrome and Firefox extensions to show how autofill, tags, and pinned favorites reduce friction in daily work. 
• White-glove onboarding support ensures smooth adoption even for non-technical staff.

Knowledge Drop: A structured rollout with All Pass Hub begins with audits, imports, role setup, policy enforcement, and training. All this helps your organization move from risky habits to a secure and streamlined system without disruption. 

Productivity Wins: Eliminating Password Resets And Chaos

Every business leader knows that lost minutes add up to hours, and wasted hours lead to missed opportunities. Password mismanagement is one of the most overlooked productivity drains. 

Employees forget logins, IT teams reset accounts, and managers lose visibility. The result is not only inefficiency but also frustration that undermines confidence across the organization.

With All Pass Hub, these challenges are addressed head-on through features designed to simplify workflows and empower teams.

Pivotal Ways In Which All Pass Hub Boosts Productivity

• Fewer Password Resets: Employees no longer waste time requesting help as every credential is stored in one secure vault.
• Stronger Audits: Audit logs and activity tracking ensure compliance reviews are faster and smoother.
• Simpler Onboarding: New hires gain immediate access to the needed tools, reducing downtime.
• Confidence in Every Task: Teams focus on work without worrying about misplaced or weak credentials.
• Centralized Policies: IT sets access rules once, which reduces repeated interventions.

By combining robust security with intuitive usability, All Pass Hub eliminates squandered time, removes access confusion, and allows employees to focus on meaningful work.

Key Takeaway: All Pass Hub reduces wasted hours by cutting password resets, automating audits, and simplifying onboarding. It gives teams the freedom to focus on growth, efficiency, and secure collaboration.

Pricing And Affordability: Transparency That Matters

Cost often becomes the final deciding factor when businesses evaluate software. Unfortunately, many password managers bury their pricing behind complex tiers. And even lock essential features behind expensive enterprise plans. The truth is that affordability should never come at the expense of security.

All Pass Hub stands out because it counterbalances enterprise-grade protection with transparent, budget-friendly pricing. You know precisely what you are paying for, and you get essential features even in the free plan. 

This honesty in pricing ensures that startups, small businesses, and large enterprises alike can access robust security without breaking the bank.

Unique Pricing Advantages Of All Pass Hub

• Free Forever Plan: Unlimited credentials & password storage, basic credential types, security dashboard, 2FA, and email support.
• Premium for Just $0.99: Advanced credential types, favorite/pin, sharing, search by tags, account recovery, export history, premium support, and audit logs.
• Tailored Enterprise Packages: For organizations with complex compliance, team, and reporting needs.

Why Pricing Transparency Matters

A single data breach can cost an organization millions in penalties, lost trust, and downtime. Compared to that, a secure password manager is one of the most pocket-friendly investments any team can make. 

All Pass Hub ensures that no team, regardless of size, is priced out of robust security.

The True Cost Of Password Management: A Comparison

Factor	DIY Methods (Spreadsheets, Browsers)	Expensive Competitors	All Pass Hub
Cost Transparency	Hidden risks, no true cost control	Confusing tiers, high monthly fees	Simple, flat, transparent
Security Risk	High (weak encryption, human error)	Low but often overpriced	Low, enterprise-grade, affordable
Time Lost on Resets	Frequently, hours are wasted each week	Reduced but at a premium price	Drastically reduced with free or low-cost plans
Scalability	Fails as the team grows	Available but costly	Scales seamlessly across free, premium, and enterprise
Audit and Compliance	None	Available but locked in higher plans	Built-in, even in affordable tiers
Overall ROI	Negative due to breaches and delays	Moderate but expensive	High ROI with minimal investment

A Hard-Hitting Reality Check

When compared side by side, the cost of doing nothing or relying on spreadsheets is far more significant than the simple, predictable investment of adopting All Pass Hub. 

By paying less than the price of a cup of coffee each month ($0.99), businesses safeguard their future, their data, and their peace of mind.

Final Thought: All Pass Hub delivers transparent, affordable pricing while offering enterprise-grade protection, turning password management from a hidden liability into one of the wisest investments for any organization. 

Conclusion

In today’s digital world, remote work, AI-driven phishing, and compliance demands make security more complex than ever. Strong password management forms the foundation of trust, productivity, and business continuity.

Throughout this guide, we’ve explored why unmanaged credentials drain time and create hidden risks, why spreadsheets and browsers fail under pressure, and how a business password manager reshapes security. 

We explored the must-have features and highlighted how All Pass Hub delivers these high-end capabilities with ease. It also offers transparent pricing and a step-by-step implementation path.

➡️The message is clear: the right password manager reinforces security, reduces resets, and helps teams work with confidence. All Pass Hub stands out because it combines enterprise-grade protection with simplicity and affordability. 

With All Pass Hub, you replace uncertainty with seamless, secure collaboration.

As you prepare your team for the future, remember that “small decisions today prevent costly mistakes tomorrow.” Choosing a secure password manager is one of those pivotal decisions.

Thank you for investing your time to explore this journey with us. Move forward with clarity, confidence, and the peace of mind that your digital world is safe. 

FAQ

Can A Password Manager Work Without An Internet Connection?

Yes. Many password managers, including All Pass Hub, support offline access. It means you can view and use saved credentials even without internet connectivity. Once you reconnect, changes automatically sync across all devices.

How Do Password Managers Protect Against Insider Threats?

Password managers reduce insider risks through role-based access control, audit logs, and activity monitoring. Admins can see who accessed what and revoke permissions instantly if misuse is suspected, keeping credentials under strict oversight.

Do Password Managers Support Compliance Requirements Like GDPR?

Yes. A secure password manager offers features such as audit trails, encryption, and access policies that align with data protection standards. For example, All Pass Hub provides GDPR-friendly tools to ensure compliance without complicating workflows.

What Happens If I Forget My Master Password?

Most password managers employ zero-knowledge architecture, so that no one except you, not even the provider, can recover your master password. Instead, recovery methods such as secure account recovery options or backup codes help regain access without exposing data.

Can Teams Share Credentials Without Revealing The Actual Password?

Yes. Modern password managers allow credentials to be shared as encrypted tokens. It means teammates can log in to tools and platforms without ever viewing the raw password, ensuring safer collaboration and reduced leakage risk.